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Algorithm

330. Patching Array

Description

Given a sorted positive integer array nums and an integer n, add/patch elements to the array such that any number in range [1, n] inclusive can be formed by the sum of some elements in the array. Return the minimum number of patches required.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,3], n = 6
Output: 1
Explanation:
Combinations of nums are [1], [3], [1,3], which form possible sums of: 1, 3, 4.
Now if we add/patch 2 to nums, the combinations are: [1], [2], [3], [1,3], [2,3], [1,2,3].
Possible sums are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, which now covers the range [1, 6].
So we only need 1 patch.

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1,5,10], n = 20
Output: 2
Explanation: The two patches can be [2, 4].

Example 3:

Input: nums = [1,2,2], n = 5
Output: 0

Solution

解法一:

class Solution {
    public int minPatches(int[] nums, int n) {
        long miss = 1;
        int res=0, i=0;
        while(miss<=n){
          if(i<nums.length && nums[i]<=miss){
             miss += nums[i++];
          }else{
            miss += miss;
            ++res;
          }
        }
        return res;
    }
}

Discuss

这道题给我们一个有序的正数数组nums,又给了我们一个正整数n,问我们最少需要给nums加几个数字,使其能组成[1,n]之间的所有数字,注意数组中的元素不能重复使用。

我们定义一个变量miss,用来表示[0,n]之间最小的不能表示的值,那么初始化为1,为啥不为0呢,因为n=0没啥意义,直接返回0了。那么此时我们能表示的范围是[0, miss),表示此时我们能表示0到miss-1的数,如果此时的num <= miss,那么我们可以把我们能表示数的范围扩大到[0, miss+num),如果num>miss,那么此时我们需要添加一个数,为了能最大限度的增加表示数范围,我们加上miss它本身,以此类推直至遍历完整个数组,我们可以得到结果。下面我们来举个例子说明:

给定nums = [1, 2, 4, 11, 30], n = 50,我们需要让[0, 50]之间所有的数字都能被nums中的数字之和表示出来。

首先使用1, 2, 4可能表示出0到7之间的所有数,表示范围为[0, 8),但我们不能表示8,因为下一个数字11太大了,所以我们要在数组里加上一个8,此时能表示的范围是[0, 16),那么我们需要插入16吗,答案是不需要,因为我们数组有1和4,可以组成5,而下一个数字11,加一起能组成16,所以有了数组中的11,我们此时能表示的范围扩大到[0, 27),但我们没法表示27,因为30太大了,所以此时我们给数组中加入一个27,那么现在能表示的范围是[0, 54),已经满足要求了,我们总共添加了两个数8和27,所以返回2即可。

Review

Abstract Document(2)

Abstract Document

Programmatic Example

Let's first define the base classes Document and AbstractDocument. They basically make the object hold a property map and any amount of child objects.

public interface Document {

  Void put(String key, Object value);

  Object get(String key);

  <T> Stream<T> children(String key, Function<Map<String, Object>, T> constructor);
}

public abstract class AbstractDocument implements Document {

  private final Map<String, Object> properties;

  protected AbstractDocument(Map<String, Object> properties) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(properties, "properties map is required");
    this.properties = properties;
  }

  @Override
  public Void put(String key, Object value) {
    properties.put(key, value);
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public Object get(String key) {
    return properties.get(key);
  }

  @Override
  public <T> Stream<T> children(String key, Function<Map<String, Object>, T> constructor) {
    return Stream.ofNullable(get(key))
        .filter(Objects::nonNull)
        .map(el -> (List<Map<String, Object>>) el)
        .findAny()
        .stream()
        .flatMap(Collection::stream)
        .map(constructor);
  }
  ...
}

Next we define an enum Property and a set of interfaces for type, price, model and parts. This allows us to create static looking interface to our Car class.

public enum Property {

  PARTS, TYPE, PRICE, MODEL
}

public interface HasType extends Document {

  default Optional<String> getType() {
    return Optional.ofNullable((String) get(Property.TYPE.toString()));
  }
}

public interface HasPrice extends Document {

  default Optional<Number> getPrice() {
    return Optional.ofNullable((Number) get(Property.PRICE.toString()));
  }
}
public interface HasModel extends Document {

  default Optional<String> getModel() {
    return Optional.ofNullable((String) get(Property.MODEL.toString()));
  }
}

public interface HasParts extends Document {

  default Stream<Part> getParts() {
    return children(Property.PARTS.toString(), Part::new);
  }
}

Now we are ready to introduce the Car.

public class Car extends AbstractDocument implements HasModel, HasPrice, HasParts {

  public Car(Map<String, Object> properties) {
    super(properties);
  }
}

And finally here's how we construct and use the Car in a full example.

    LOGGER.info("Constructing parts and car");

    var wheelProperties = Map.of(
        Property.TYPE.toString(), "wheel",
        Property.MODEL.toString(), "15C",
        Property.PRICE.toString(), 100L);

    var doorProperties = Map.of(
        Property.TYPE.toString(), "door",
        Property.MODEL.toString(), "Lambo",
        Property.PRICE.toString(), 300L);

    var carProperties = Map.of(
        Property.MODEL.toString(), "300SL",
        Property.PRICE.toString(), 10000L,
        Property.PARTS.toString(), List.of(wheelProperties, doorProperties));

    var car = new Car(carProperties);

    LOGGER.info("Here is our car:");
    LOGGER.info("-> model: {}", car.getModel().orElseThrow());
    LOGGER.info("-> price: {}", car.getPrice().orElseThrow());
    LOGGER.info("-> parts: ");
    car.getParts().forEach(p -> LOGGER.info("\t{}/{}/{}",
        p.getType().orElse(null),
        p.getModel().orElse(null),
        p.getPrice().orElse(null))
    );

    // Constructing parts and car
    // Here is our car:
    // model: 300SL
    // price: 10000
    // parts:
    // wheel/15C/100
    // door/Lambo/300

Class diagram

Applicability

Use the Abstract Document Pattern when

There is a need to add new properties on the fly You want a flexible way to organize domain in tree like structure You want more loosely coupled system

Credits

Tip

TCP和UDP的区别

UDP TCP
是否连接 无连接 有连接
是否可靠 不可靠传输,不使用流量控制和拥塞控制 可靠传输,使用流量控制和拥塞控制
连接对象个数 支持一对一,一对多,多对一和多对多交互通信 只能是一对一通信
传输方式 面向报文 面向字节流
首部开销 首部开销小,仅8字节 首部最小20字节,最大60字节
适用场景 适用于实时应用(IP电话、视频会议、直播等) 适用于要求可靠传输的应用,例如文件传输
  • TCP向上层提供面向连接的可靠服务 ,UDP向上层提供无连接不可靠服务。
  • 虽然 UDP 并没有 TCP 传输来的准确,但是也能在很多实时性要求高的地方有所作为
  • 对数据准确性要求高,速度可以相对较慢的,可以选用TCP

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